CHAPTER 9 SAMPLE QUIZ QUESTIONS  

 

9.1.   Name five pneumoconioses and identify their causes.

 

       ANS: The text lists six: siderosis--iron oxide dust; stannosis--tin dust; byssinosis--cotton dust; aluminosis--aluminum dust; asbestosis--asbestos fibers; silicosis--silica

       ref. p. 173

 

9.2.   Name five chemical irritants.

      

       ANS: The text lists at least seven: ammonia gas, chromic acid, chlorine gas, fluorine, bromine, oxides of nitrogen, phosgene

       ref. p. 173-174

 

9.3.   What distinguishing effect do irritants have upon the body?

      

       ANS: inflame the surfaces of the parts of the body by their corrosive action

 

       ref. p. 173

 

9.4.   What extremely dangerous gas can be produced when chlorinated hydrocarbons are exposed to welding radiation?

      

       ANS: phosgene

       ref. p. 174

 

9.5.   What extremely dangerous gas can be produced when solvents and degreasers are exposed to welding radiation?

             

       ANS: phosgene

       ref. p. 174

 

9.6.   Which of the following is a dangerous gas associated with the exposure of chlorinated hydrocarbons to welding radiation?

 

              a. hydrogen cyanide

              b. hydrogen sulfide

              c. chlorine

              d. phosgene  

       ref. p. 174

 

9.7.   Which of the following is a dangerous gas associated with the exposure of solvents and degreasers to welding radiation?

 

              a. hydrogen cyanide

              b. hydrogen sulfide

              c. chlorine

              d. phosgene  

       ref. p. 174

 

9.8.   Corrosive action on the nasal septum is most associated with which of the following air contaminants?

 

              a. ammonia

              b. chromic acid     

              c. phosgene

              d. oxides of nitrogen

       ref. p. 174

 

9.9.   The toxic effects of halogens are primarily

 

              a. as systemic poisons

              b. as depressants

              c. as irritants     

              d. as carcinogens

       ref. p. 174

 

9.10.  The toxic effects of bromine are primarily

 

              a. as a systemic poison

              b. as a depressant

              c. as an irritant   

              d. as a carcinogen

       ref. p. 174

 

 

 

 

 

 

9.11.  The toxic effects of chlorine are primarily

 

              a. as a systemic poison

              b. as a depressant

              c. as an irritant   

              d. as a carcinogen  

       ref. p. 174

 

9.12.  The toxic effects of fluorine are primarily

 

              a. as a systemic poison

              b. as a depressant

              c. as an irritant   

              d. as a carcinogen

       ref. p. 174

 

9.13.  Carbon disulfide is a systemic poison.

 

              a. true      

              b. false

       ref. p. 174

 

9.14.  Which of the following useful chemicals is a solvent, disinfectant, and insecticide, but unfortunately is also a systemic poison?

 

              a. carbon disulfide 

              b. chlorine

              c. sodium hydroxide

              d. hydrogen sulfide

       ref. p. 174

 

9.15.  The toxic effects of acetylene are primarily as

 

              a. an irritant

              b. a systemic poison

              c. a carcinogen

              d. a depressant     

       ref. p. 175

 

9.16.  Name at least three modes of toxicity for benzene.  

 

       ANS: The text lists four: depressant, irritant, systemic poison, carcinogen (leukemia)

       ref. p. 175

 

9.17.  Benzene has which of the following effects upon the body?

 

              a. irritant

              b. systemic poison

              c. depressant

              d. all of the above 

       ref. p. 175

 

9.18.  The primary effect of hydrogen cyanide upon the body is as

 

              a. an asphyxiant    

              b. a systemic poison

              c. a carcinogen

              d. a depressant

       ref. p. 176

 

9.19.  Which of the following substances is known as a teratogen?

 

              a. hydrogen sulfide

              b. vinyl chloride   

              c. acetylene

              d. MAPP gas

       ref. p. 177

 

9.20.  Which of the following classifications of toxic substances primarily attacks the species, rather than the individual?

 

              a. teratogens

              b. mutagens  

              c. systemic poisons

              d. endemic agents

              ref. p. 177

 

9.21.  A well-known agent is extremely hazardous as a monomer but is virtually harmless as a polymer.  What is this agent?

 

       ANS: vinyl chloride

       ref. p. 177

 

9.22.  Describe a way in which a toxic substance can be indirectly ingested into the body.

 

       ANS: Substances become embedded beneath fingernails and on hands which later come into contact with food.

       ref. p. 178

 

9.23.  What term describes gases that are normally liquids or solids?

 

       ANS: vapors

       ref. p. 179

 

9.24.  Which of the following is not a particulate?

 

              a. fumes

              b. vapors

              c. dusts

              d. mists     

       ref. p. 180

 

9.25.  A coal dust particle is determined in the laboratory to have diameter 17 micrometers. 

 

              a. What is the diameter in centimeters? 

       ANS: .0017 cm

              b. What is the diameter in inches? 

       ANS: .0017/2.54 = .00067 in.

              (Note on page 179 that the conversion from micrometers to inches is approximately 0.1 to .000004 which is equivalent to 1 in = 2.5 cm. A more exact conversion factor is 1 in = 2.54 cm)

              c. Is the particle classified as dust or fume?

       ANS: dust

       ref. p. 179-180

 

9.26.  Personal protective equipment is required to be provided and used if the CAS # exceeds the PEL for an eight hour period.

 

              a. true

              b. false

       ref. p. 157

 

9.27.  Name the two types of flow process charts chemical engineers use to detect the origin of leaks of toxic contaminants to the atmosphere surrounding a process.

 

       ANS: qualitative and quantitative

       ref. p. 188

 

9.28.  Which concentration is usually higher, AL or PEL?

 

       ANS: PEL

       ref. p. 186

 

9.29.  Consider the following observed concentrations of air contaminants:

                                                        TWA                 PEL

             

Isopropyl ether                          200 ppm         500 ppm

              Ethyl benzene                            40 ppm          100 ppm

              Chlorobenzene                            25 ppm           75 ppm

              Chlorobromomethane                       50 ppm          200 ppm

 

       Perform calculations to determine whether this atmosphere exceeds the PEL, the AL, or both.

 

       ANS:

                                                TWA           PEL           AL

                     Isopropyl ether            200           500           250

                     Ethyl benzene               40           100           50

                     Chlorobenzene              25           75           37.5

                     Chlorobromomethane         50           200           100

      

Taken separately none of the contaminants exceed either their respective PEL's or AL's.  When considered together, however, the following formula is used for mixtures:

 

                     Em = (200/500) + (40/100) + (25/75) + (50/200)

                        = .4 + .4 + .33 + .25 = 1.38

 

       Since 1.38 > 1 and 1.38 > 0.5, the concentrations exceed both the PEL and the AL, respectively.

       ref. p. 183-184

 

9.30.  Name two analytic tools used by the chemical engineer to determine whether air contaminant potentials are present in a process.

 

       ANS: qualitative flow process chart, quantitative flow process chart

       ref. p. 188

 

9.31.  The proportion of health specialists in OSHA has increased since the early 1970s.

 

              a. true      

              b. false

       ref. p. 172

 

9.32.  From what two perspectives is the impact of health hazards significant?

 

       ANS: harm to employees, cost of correction of hazards

       ref. p. 172

 

9.33.  Appendix A.1 lists "Copper fumes" as having a TWA limit of .1 mg/m3.  The corresponding PEL in the ppm column is blank.  Explain why no ppm PEL is available for copper fumes.

 

       ANS: Copper fume is a particulate and does not exist as a gas.  Therefore ppm measurements are infeasible and irrelevant.

                           ref. p. 179

 

9.34.  Explain the standards completion project.

 

       ANS: In addition to the substances listed in the OSHA PEL table, some toxic substances have entire standards devoted to their control.  The provision of these entire standards is called the "standards completion project."

 

       ref. p. 186-187

 

9.35.  What is a teratogen?

 

       ANS: A toxic substance that affects the fetus.

       ref. p. 177

 

9.36.  An irritant whose effects upon the lung are minimal at first but whose irritant mechanical action shows up much later is called

 

              a. scarring agent   

              b. teratogen

              c. mutagen

              d. systemic poison

       ref. p. 174

 

9.37.  In which of the following types of workers would you be most likely to find the nose septum completely destroyed?

 

              a. cement worker

              b. plating worker

              c. steel worker

              d. asbestos worker

       ref. p. 173-174

 

9.38.  Ammonia is primarily which of the following types of air contaminants?

 

              a. irritant  

              b. systemic poison

              c. depressant

              d. asphyxiant

       ref. p. 173

 

9.39.  At first, OSHA emphasized safety more than health.

 

              a. true      

              b. false

       ref. p. 172

 

9.40.  Early methods for testing contamination of the atmosphere, using a canary or a mouse, were used for testing which kind of exposure, acute or chronic?

 

       ANS:   acute

ref. p. 190

 

9.41.  Which of the following is recognized as a leukemia hazard?

 

              a. methane

              b. carbon disulfide

              c. benzene   

              d. hydrogen cyanide

       ref. p. 175

 

9.42.  Which of the following is not a simple asphyxiant?

 

              a. methane

              b. argon

              c. helium

              d. carbon monoxide  

       ref. p. 176

 

9.43.  Which of the molecular structures shown has been identified as a dangerous carcinogen?

 

                                               

                                                             

                                         ANS: a

       ref. p. 177

 

9.44.  Chronic inhalation of which of the following molecular structures has been identified with angiosarcoma?

 

                                               

                                                             

       ANS: a

       ref. p. 177

 

9.45.  Air contaminant tests reveal the following concentrations over an 8-hr shift.  (All values in ppm):

 

(PEL=150)

Isobutyl

acetate

(PEL = 1000)

Ethyl

Chloride

(PEL=300)

Cyclohexane

(PEL=25)

Diethylamine

 8:00 -  9:00 am

15

400

200

20

 9:00 - 11:00 am

10

200